TY - JOUR
TI - A Comparative Review of Alternative Fuels for the Maritime Sector: Economic, Technology, and Policy Challenges for Clean Energy Implementation
AU - Wang, Y
AU - Wright, L
T2 - World
AB - Global maritime transportation is responsible for around 3% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and significant proportions of SOx, NOx, and PM emissions. Considering the predicted growth in shipping volumes to 2050, greenhouse gas emissions from ships must be cut by 75–85% per ton-mile to meet Paris Agreement goals. This study reviews the potential of a range of alternative fuels for decarbonisation in maritime. A systematic literature review and information synthesis method was applied to evaluate fuel characteristics, production pathways, utilization technologies, energy efficiency, lifecycle environmental performance, economic viability, and current applicable policies. Alternative fuels are essential to decarbonisation in international shipping. However, findings suggest there is no single route to deliver the required greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Emissions reductions vary widely depending on the production pathways of the fuel. Alternative fuels utilising a carbon-intensive production pathway will not provide decarbonisation, instead shifting emissions elsewhere in the supply chain. Ultimately, a system-wide perspective to creating an effective policy framework is required in order to promote the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies.
DA - 2021/10//
PY - 2021
PB - MDPI
VL - 2
SP - 456
EP - 481
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4060/2/4/29
DO - 10.3390/world2040029
LA - English
KW - Fossil-derived Hydrocarbons
KW - Wastes and Byproducts
KW - Agriculture: Food and Oil Crops
KW - Ammonia
KW - Methane (Natural Gas)
KW - Methanol
KW - Biodiesel (FAME)
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Biochemical
KW - Electrochemical
KW - Thermochemical
KW - Catalysis
KW - Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) and Air Emissions
KW - Ocean-going Vessels
ER -