TY - JOUR
TI - Comparative Study of Different Alternative Fuel Options for Shipowners Based on Carbon Intensity Index Model Under the Background of Green Shipping Development
AU - Zhang, J
AU - Zhang, Z
AU - Liu, D
T2 - Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
AB - The International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s annual operational carbon intensity index (CII) rating requires that from 1 January 2023, all applicable ships meet both technical and operational energy efficiency requirements. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of different alternative fuel options based on a CII model from the perspective of shipowners. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuel options, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen, are presented. A numerical example using data from three China Ocean Shipping (Group) shipping lines is analyzed. It was found that the overall attained CII of different ship types showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the ship’s deadweight tonnage. A larger ship size choice can obtain better carbon emission reduction for the carbon emission reduction investment program using alternative fuels. The recommended options of using LNG fuel and zero-carbon fuel (ammonia and hydrogen) on Route 1 and Route 3 during the study period were analyzed for the shipowners. Carbon reduction scenarios using low-carbon fuels (LNG and methanol) and zero-carbon fuels (ammonia and hydrogen) on Route 2 are in line with IMO requirements for CII.
DA - 2024/11//
PY - 2024
PB - MDPI
VL - 12
IS - 11
SP - 2044
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/12/11/2044
DO - 10.3390/jmse12112044
LA - English
KW - Fossil-derived Hydrocarbons
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Ammonia
KW - Methane (Natural Gas)
KW - Methanol
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Electrochemical
KW - Codes, Standards and Regulation
KW - Vessel Design, Retrofit and Integration
KW - Demonstration Projects and Case Studies
KW - Ocean-going Vessels
ER -