TY - JOUR
TI - Evaluation of Alternative Fuels for Coastal Ferries
AU - Laasma, A
AU - Otsason, R
AU - Tapaninen, U
AU - Hilmola, O
T2 - Sustainability
AB - The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and European Union (EU) have set targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Focusing on ships above 5000 GT, their measures exclude several ship types, such as fishing vessels, offshore ships, and yachts. However, smaller ships generate 15–20% of the total GHG emissions. Multiple potential fuel alternatives are already in use or have been investigated to minimize carbon emissions for coastal ferries. This study evaluates the possibility of using alternative fuels for small ferries by seven different parameters: technical readiness, presence of regulations, GHG emission reduction effectiveness (with two different criteria), capital expenditure (Capex), operating expenditure (Opex), and ice navigation ability. The assessment is based on an evaluation of state-of-the-art literature as well as second-hand statistics and press releases. The study also reports the most recent implementations in each alternative technology area. As a result, it was found that although there are several measures with high potential for the future, the most feasible fuel alternatives for coastal ferries would be fully electric or diesel-electric hybrid solutions.
DA - 2022/12//
PY - 2022
PB - MDPI
VL - 14
IS - 24
SP - 16841
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/24/16841
DO - 10.3390/su142416841
LA - English
KW - Unspecified Feedstock
KW - Hydrogen
KW - Methane (Natural Gas)
KW - Methanol
KW - Electrochemical
KW - Fuel Properties and Characteristics
KW - Vessel Design, Retrofit and Integration
KW - Policy, Strategy and Transition Pathways
KW - Commercial Harbor Craft
ER -