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author = {Estevez, R and Aguado-Deblas, L and López-Tenllado, F and Luna, C and Calero, J and Romero, A and Bautista, F and Luna, D},
title = {Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review},
journal = {Energies},
year = {2022},
month = {apr},
publisher = {MDPI},
volume = {15},
number = {9},
pages = {3173},
doi = {10.3390/en15093173},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3173},
keywords = {Agriculture: Food and Oil Crops, Wastes and Byproducts, Biodiesel (FAME), Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO), Chemical Upgrading, Thermochemical, Fuel Properties and Characteristics, Fuel Production Pathways, Ocean-going Vessels},
}
RIS
TI - Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review
AU - Estevez, R
AU - Aguado-Deblas, L
AU - López-Tenllado, F
AU - Luna, C
AU - Calero, J
AU - Romero, A
AU - Bautista, F
AU - Luna, D
T2 - Energies
AB - Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
DA - 2022/04//
PY - 2022
PB - MDPI
VL - 15
IS - 9
SP - 3173
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3173
DO - 10.3390/en15093173
LA - English
KW - Agriculture: Food and Oil Crops
KW - Wastes and Byproducts
KW - Biodiesel (FAME)
KW - Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)
KW - Chemical Upgrading
KW - Thermochemical
KW - Fuel Properties and Characteristics
KW - Fuel Production Pathways
KW - Ocean-going Vessels
ER -
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.