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Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost of energy transport from Saudi Arabia with conventional fuels and liquefied natural gas

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization has recently developed several regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To meet these targets, ship builders and operators must either replace or upgrade the existing fleet with new decarbonized vessel technologies and/or switch to alternative fuels. The latter has been of interest, especially using liquefied natural gas (LNG), among other alternative fuels, which can have lower emissions than conventional fuels. In Saudi Arabia in 2023, LNG was priced about 10 times