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Shipping Industry Decarbonization: Fuel Choice and the Costs of Achieving Regulatory Compliance

Abstract

At the IMO(International Maritime Organization) in July 2023, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 80) adopted a revised GHG (greenhouse gas) Strategy which aims to significantly curb GHG emissions from international shipping. The new targets include a 20% reduction in emissions by 2030, a 70% reduction by 2040 (compared to 2008 levels), and the ultimate goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Separately, the European Union (EU) has agreed to reduce the GHG intensity of fuels used by the shipping by sector by up to 80% by 2050.

In this paper we present analysis of the cost of compliance of different alternative fuel solutions for the container vessel sector using Z-Joule’s POOL.FM evaluation model. Our analysis is focused on the LNG, methanol and ammonia fuel families, comparing their costs of compliance against the VLSFO (very low sulphur fuel oil) default. We have not considered the compliance pathway offered by liquid biofuels or bio-oils.